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A much branched spinous under shrub with fusiform succulent tuberous roots. The chief chemical constituents are triterpene saponins Shatavarin I & IV. The roots are emollient, cooling, and aphrodisiac. They are useful in nervous disorders, dyspepsia, tumours, scalding of urine, throat infections, tuberclosis, cough bronchitis and general debility.
The root extracts exhibit antiallergic activity. Clinical studies indicate the tuberous roots increase the milk production in lactating women.

Vasaka is evergreen gregarious, perennial herb distributed all over the plains of India and in the lower Himalayan ranges. It has long and broad leaves, light green in color having characteristic odor and bitter taste. The leaves, flowers, fruits and roots are used for treating cough, cold, chronic bronchitis and asthma. It acts as expectorant and antispasmodic.
Its principle constituents are alkaloids, chief alkaloid being vasicine.

Kalmegh is an erect annual herb with dark green quadrangular stem and longitudinal furrows with wings on the angles. Stem is slightly enlarged at nodes. Leaves are opposite and decussate. White flowers are in axillary or terminal panicles or raceme. Plant grows and also cultivated through out India. Andrographolide is the chief active constituent. The plant is tonic, blood purifier and hepatoprotective.

It is an erect or prostate much branched, hirsute annual herb often rooting at nodes. Leaves are opposite and sessile. Principle constituents of herb are alkaloids wedelolactone and demethylwedelolactone. The herb is used as tonic and deobstruent in hepatic and splenic enlargements. The plant possesses hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory property.